面试题答案
一键面试实现方案
- 字符编码检测:使用库如
encoding_rs
来检测文本数据的编码类型。它能快速准确地识别常见编码。 - 统计字符数量:针对不同编码,使用相应的处理方式。例如,对于UTF - 8,可直接遍历字节序列,按UTF - 8编码规则解析字符;对于UTF - 16,需考虑字节序问题,按UTF - 16编码规则解析。
- 性能优化:
- 批量处理:一次读取较大块的数据,减少I/O次数。
- 并行处理:利用Rust的线程模型,将文本数据分块并行处理,最后合并结果。
- 数据结构优化:使用
HashMap
来存储不同编码类型的字符统计结果,HashMap
的查找和插入操作平均时间复杂度为O(1)。
- 处理编码边界错误:
- UTF - 8:检查字节序列是否符合UTF - 8编码规则,如首字节的高位比特模式是否正确,后续字节是否以10开头等。遇到错误可跳过当前字符或块,继续处理后续数据。
- UTF - 16:检查字节序标记(BOM),确保按正确字节序解析。如果字节数不是2的倍数(对于UTF - 16BE和UTF - 16LE),可视为错误处理。
核心算法伪代码
// 假设文本数据存储在一个字节数组中
text_data: byte[]
// 用于存储不同编码字符数量的哈希表
character_counts: HashMap<EncodingType, u64>
// 检测编码类型
encoding_type = detect_encoding(text_data)
if encoding_type == UTF - 8:
index = 0
while index < text_data.length:
if text_data[index] & 0x80 == 0:
// 单字节字符
character_counts[UTF - 8]++
index++
else if (text_data[index] & 0xE0) == 0xC0:
// 双字节字符
if index + 1 < text_data.length && (text_data[index + 1] & 0xC0) == 0x80:
character_counts[UTF - 8]++
index += 2
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else if (text_data[index] & 0xF0) == 0xE0:
// 三字节字符
if index + 2 < text_data.length && (text_data[index + 1] & 0xC0) == 0x80 && (text_data[index + 2] & 0xC0) == 0x80:
character_counts[UTF - 8]++
index += 3
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else if (text_data[index] & 0xF8) == 0xF0:
// 四字节字符
if index + 3 < text_data.length && (text_data[index + 1] & 0xC0) == 0x80 && (text_data[index + 2] & 0xC0) == 0x80 && (text_data[index + 3] & 0xC0) == 0x80:
character_counts[UTF - 8]++
index += 4
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else if encoding_type == UTF - 16BE:
index = 0
while index < text_data.length:
if index + 1 < text_data.length:
code_point = (text_data[index] as u16) << 8 | (text_data[index + 1] as u16)
if code_point < 0xD800 || code_point > 0xDFFF:
character_counts[UTF - 16BE]++
else if code_point >= 0xD800 && code_point <= 0xDBFF && index + 2 < text_data.length && index + 3 < text_data.length:
// 代理对
let high_surrogate = code_point
let low_surrogate = (text_data[index + 2] as u16) << 8 | (text_data[index + 3] as u16)
if low_surrogate >= 0xDC00 && low_surrogate <= 0xDFFF:
character_counts[UTF - 16BE]++
index += 4
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else if encoding_type == UTF - 16LE:
index = 0
while index < text_data.length:
if index + 1 < text_data.length:
code_point = (text_data[index + 1] as u16) << 8 | (text_data[index] as u16)
if code_point < 0xD800 || code_point > 0xDFFF:
character_counts[UTF - 16LE]++
else if code_point >= 0xD800 && code_point <= 0xDBFF && index + 2 < text_data.length && index + 3 < text_data.length:
// 代理对
let high_surrogate = code_point
let low_surrogate = (text_data[index + 3] as u16) << 8 | (text_data[index + 2] as u16)
if low_surrogate >= 0xDC00 && low_surrogate <= 0xDFFF:
character_counts[UTF - 16LE]++
index += 4
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
else:
// 处理编码错误,跳过当前字节
index++
function detect_encoding(data: byte[]): EncodingType {
// 使用encoding_rs库实现编码检测逻辑
// 返回检测到的编码类型
}
关键Rust代码片段
use encoding_rs::{Encoding, UTF_8, UTF_16BE, UTF_16LE};
use std::collections::HashMap;
fn detect_encoding(data: &[u8]) -> &'static Encoding {
// 简单示例,实际应使用更复杂的检测逻辑
if data.starts_with(b"\xFE\xFF") {
UTF_16BE
} else if data.starts_with(b"\xFF\xFE") {
UTF_16LE
} else {
UTF_8
}
}
fn count_characters(data: &[u8], encoding: &'static Encoding) -> HashMap<&'static Encoding, u64> {
let mut character_counts = HashMap::new();
let (_, _, is_valid) = encoding.decode(data);
if is_valid {
match encoding {
UTF_8 => {
let mut count = 0;
let mut index = 0;
while index < data.len() {
if (data[index] & 0x80) == 0 {
count += 1;
index += 1;
} else if (data[index] & 0xE0) == 0xC0 {
if index + 1 < data.len() && (data[index + 1] & 0xC0) == 0x80 {
count += 1;
index += 2;
} else {
index += 1;
}
} else if (data[index] & 0xF0) == 0xE0 {
if index + 2 < data.len() && (data[index + 1] & 0xC0) == 0x80 && (data[index + 2] & 0xC0) == 0x80 {
count += 1;
index += 3;
} else {
index += 1;
}
} else if (data[index] & 0xF8) == 0xF0 {
if index + 3 < data.len() && (data[index + 1] & 0xC0) == 0x80 && (data[index + 2] & 0xC0) == 0x80 && (data[index + 3] & 0xC0) == 0x80 {
count += 1;
index += 4;
} else {
index += 1;
}
} else {
index += 1;
}
}
character_counts.insert(UTF_8, count);
}
UTF_16BE => {
let mut count = 0;
let mut index = 0;
while index < data.len() {
if index + 1 < data.len() {
let code_point = ((data[index] as u16) << 8) | (data[index + 1] as u16);
if code_point < 0xD800 || code_point > 0xDFFF {
count += 1;
} else if code_point >= 0xD800 && code_point <= 0xDBFF && index + 2 < data.len() && index + 3 < data.len() {
let high_surrogate = code_point;
let low_surrogate = ((data[index + 2] as u16) << 8) | (data[index + 3] as u16);
if low_surrogate >= 0xDC00 && low_surrogate <= 0xDFFF {
count += 1;
index += 4;
} else {
index += 1;
}
} else {
index += 1;
}
} else {
index += 1;
}
}
character_counts.insert(UTF_16BE, count);
}
UTF_16LE => {
let mut count = 0;
let mut index = 0;
while index < data.len() {
if index + 1 < data.len() {
let code_point = ((data[index + 1] as u16) << 8) | (data[index] as u16);
if code_point < 0xD800 || code_point > 0xDFFF {
count += 1;
} else if code_point >= 0xD800 && code_point <= 0xDBFF && index + 2 < data.len() && index + 3 < data.len() {
let high_surrogate = code_point;
let low_surrogate = ((data[index + 3] as u16) << 8) | (data[index + 2] as u16);
if low_surrogate >= 0xDC00 && low_surrogate <= 0xDFFF {
count += 1;
index += 4;
} else {
index += 1;
}
} else {
index += 1;
}
} else {
index += 1;
}
}
character_counts.insert(UTF_16LE, count);
}
_ => (),
}
}
character_counts
}
你可以这样调用:
fn main() {
let data = b"your_text_data_here";
let encoding = detect_encoding(data);
let counts = count_characters(data, encoding);
println!("{:?}", counts);
}